Source Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Source Evaluation - Essay Example Consequently, the number of available papers intended for this topic has made finding suitable sources a very difficult and tedious process. Some titles with good information may be those published a few decades ago, while there are also some recently released papers posted on the internet which pose doubts in terms of integrity and sincerity. Indeed after meticulously reviewing the available list of sources, five academic titles have been chosen to serve as references for the upcoming research paper namely Recycling and Waste Diversion Effectiveness: Evidence from Canada by Ida Ferrara  and  Paul Missios, Managing Electronic Waste: Issues with Exporting E-Waste by Linda Luther, Recycling and Waste-to-Energy: The Ongoing Compatibility Success Story by Jonathan V. L. Kiser, Greening Household Behaviour:  The Role of Public Policy and Improving Recycling Markets both by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recycling and Waste Diversion Effectiveness: Evi dence from Canada is a paper written by Ida Ferrara  and  Paul Missios that was published in the 2005 issue of Environmental and Resource Economics, a peer-reviewed academic journal about environmental economics and one that acts as the official journal of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists since 1991 (Environmental Economics). The paper explores the relationship between recycling policy options and recycling behaviors that will identify the effective means of averting post-consumer waste. Also, it focuses on the significant effects of mandatory recycling for almost all types of provisions, which is similar to the core of my research paper. Its authors Dr. Ida Ferrara and Dr. Paul Missios both completed their Ph.D at York University. Ferrara is currently the Associate Professor of Economics at the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies in the same school (York University) while Missios is the Chair of the Department of Economics and Assoc iate Professor at Ryerson University in Canada (Energy Innovation Corp.). They both received several merit and research awards and numerous study grants over the years and have written several articles for peer-reviewed publications, journals, books and technical papers specifically in the Canadian territories. Managing Electronic Waste: Issues with Exporting E-waste is a book written by Linda Luther, an analyst in Environmental Policy at the Congressional Research Service in the United States who took her Masters degree in John Hopkins University (Profile). It was published in 2010 by DIANE Publishing which distributes important documents and reports from the U.S. government. They also publish journals of prestigious associations such as the American Philosophical Society, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and The Library Company of Philadelphia (Diane Publishing). The featured book focuses on the hazards of e-wastes and its relevant recycling procedures. This will set the int roduction of my research paper by presenting the impact of garbage to the society and the factors influencing recycling. Recycling and Waste-to-Energy: The Ongoing Compatibility Success Story by Jonathan V.L. Kiser is an article featured in the online copy of MSW Management:  The Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals in its May-June 2003 series. The paper demonstrates how recycling and waste-to-energy management finally work together after ten years of tedious investigation. This will address my research paper’s claims that recycling is an efficient waste management process that will benefit everyone. Kiser did his MBA in Business

Video game console and Nintendo Essay Example for Free

Video game console and Nintendo Essay Introduction Nintendo company,One of the most recognized names in the history of games. Even that was 120 years before and recent decades years, Nintendo begin company to making the playing card game,but creating video game. In the 60’s,Nintendo was going to produce video games, but after 1985 when Nintendo started to sell Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and the famous game Super Mario Brothers. Nintendo began to as being the only dominatition in video games,and remained through many years,before Sony had take over the dominatition position by launched the Sony PlayStation . and then Nintendo was being regarded as a recession proposition in the videogame business. As far as we can see,the turning point in 2005, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo DS with a big success. In 2006 Nintendo introduced the Wii and then launched it being the best-selling latest generation console system in the world. Nowdays, Nintendo in the position as being the worldwide leader in the creation of interactive entertainment† with Microsoft and Sony in world’s top3 videogame business. To date, Nintendo has sold more than one billion video games and created so many game console including Game Boy The best selling video game systemgame systems worldwide. 1. What is Nintendo’s strategy? Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/or defensive strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? Nintendos strategy is based on the customer premise, when other business-to-video game market has yet to be waited and see attitude, and Nintendo in the market demand for in-depth study, the firm entered the field. Nintendo was on the market only a profound understanding of the needs of customers’ game manufacturers. Because it can from the customer needs is the fun of the game This perspective of looking at problems, Nintendo game software was first recognized that the decisive position. This policy eventually develop into a Nintendo game software developers and strategic alliances to achieve this status, Nintendo has played a key role. After have a Nintendo Power books and counselors systems scheme, which are a combination of the two major consumers and Nintendos sticky and agents, but also Nintendos main method to grasp the pulse of customers. In fact, the Nintendo Companys product development plans and marketing strategies is almost entirely dependent from the customer information. We come up the idea that :The broad differentiation strategy is the newly products of Nintendos had generic used ,particularly for Wii ,the broad differentiation strategy that allowed Nintendo to compete with two giant Sony and Microsoft. Nintendo had focus on innovative control system,that leads to rising the fun level of games,instead of to attempting to catch up with the functional advantage concentrated by most competition in game industry . Nintendo focused on developing games and take their Key advantage – gaming fun to winning the battle of game industry. Recently, Nintendo has carried out some offensive strategies to resist with rivals and gain more market share. The company aimed to innovating products and introducing some of the industry’s most astoundingly inventive and financially lucrative gaming products. For instance, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo Dual Screen in 2004. The DS Lite was introduced in 2006 and Wii was introduced in 2008. Nintendo does a number of advertisements with creative advertisement, what make deeply impression on customers. Through the magazines, the company releases the products and attracts game players. Nintendo also has some defensive strategies. Rivals like Sony and Microsoft were calling attention to an assortment of technological capabilities and graphic features in their consoles. Nintendo’s two system including video game consoles and handheld system with light weight electronic devices and designed largely. Rivals required a part of target market. According to this situation, Nintendo attract older people and women as a new market to make sure the sales and reputation for the company. 2. Is it fair to characterize Nintendo’s introduction of the Wii as a blue ocean strategy? Why or why not? Yes,there’s a pure blue ocean strategy initiated in the Nintendo’s Wii,but the Wii’s introduction strategy can not necessarily be characterize as a blue ocean strategy that we considered. Wii’s introduction demonstrated is successful executed the Blue Ocean Strategy,that driven point is the unique interactive â€Å"motion-sensitive† controls,it based on an innovative gaming control system can sense movements and physical activity, gamers should to physically move around to guide the game character,this is an differentiate experience with instinct usability that may rising the fun of gaming,and creating an accessibility for every player of all ages and genders . This new values are created and focused by Wii which instead of the performance value defined by the industry. it allowed Wii to not only compete in the game console industry’s â€Å"red ocean† where has been dominated by Sonys PlayStation and Microsofts Xbox, but also to went after an untapped market,For consumers who are not consider as the typical gamers,as older females, seniors,who never think about gaming,even who consider gaming as a waste of time. it purpose at the entire family. so it as the allegory of name â€Å"wii†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s intended, we- everyone can enjoy it. Wii are also competitive to appealing the traditionally customer targeted by the games industry,we come up the opinion that the blue ocean strategy can reinforcing the competitive strategy acts as a supporting board differention competitive. Wii’s make games for a different purpose,In assessing the standard relative to Microsoft’s Xbox 360, and Sony’s PlayStation 3, and other developers , Wii‘s functional elements as graphics physics, processing power ,and supporting function (as Movie playing) are relatively rare . however it good-enough for moderate gamer,but their virtual controling raising gaming fun to a higher level ,that helps maintained its core gaming audience while aslo their purpose to changing the â€Å"couch-potato†gamer to into exerciser. As a matter of fact, Sony nor Microsoft try to imitated the Wii’s contoling function. to lure away Wiis new customer. All above evidence that it is almost self-explanatory the sucess for Wii’s blue ocean strategy’s. 3. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning vis-a-vis Microsoft and Sony? Our first recommendation is developing in the competition area that different from Microsoft and Sony. As we know, the main product of Microsoft and Sony is Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. Xbox 360 can mainly fight and talk by the network. PS 3 mainly in high-definition video and audio quality as the characteristics. Therefore, we think Nintendo should be developed in other areas, such as game’s own characterized. They can develop some games that more suitable for players, life and era such as the classic Super Mario, Tetris and other games. Our second recommendations is developing more perfect handheld video game console. Because as Microsoft and Sony’s main game product are Home video game consoles. Many people know Nintendo is because of their product Game Boy. And more young people today do not like to play games at home, they are more like in the car, in the bedroom, or in other free time to relax. So, handheld game consoles is still a huge market, but also because Nintendo has the foundation of Game Boy. So in this regard the development and the customer base is inevitable better than the other competitors. Our third recommendation is to improve the skill of visual quality. What is the value of a game? Obviously, the main the player seeks for is the gameplay, is the creative point of a game that itself has. For this part the Nintendo make a good sense. Nintendos success lies in change and subversion of tradition. But, with the booming technology, the players who are familiar with Maya, 3DMAX are also pay high attention to the quality of the visual. Compare with Sony and Microsoft, Nintendo do not spend so much technology dealing with visual. However, the decoration of a game system such like visual and sound also will be a big attraction. People always enjoy a sense of realism. So if it wants to get a long-term development, it also needs to improve its visual skill even though Nintendo do not rely on visual to win the profit. Our final recommendation is expansion of market in China. As we see, China who has large number of population can be a Potential Unit for almost all industry, of cause for game. It can be a good market for Nintendo we believe. To extend the Chinese market, Nintendo can consider about increasing the Chinese language interface to get closer to Chinese people. They also need to offer a good after sale service in china. We recognize that the after sale service of Nintendo in Asia except Japan is limited. In order to fit the Chinas specific conditions, Nintendo can introduce more educational and recreational games and let the parents willing to buy. In a word, making more efforts in these recommendations, Nintendo may have a long term development in the future we believe.

Internalism vs Externalism :: essays research papers

Internalism vs. Externalism Knowledge can be achieved either through the justification of a true belief or for the substantive externalist, through a â€Å"natural or law like connection between the truth of what is believed and the person’s belief† (P.135). Suppose a man named George was implanted with a chip at birth, which causes him to utter the time in a rare Russian dialect. His girlfriend Irina, who happens to speak the same Russian dialect, realizes that every time she taps his shoulder, he tells her the time and he is always right. She knows that he is right because she checks her watch. Because she thinks this is cute, she never tells him what it is that he is saying. One day, Irina’s watch breaks but instead of getting it fixed, she just taps George on the shoulder whenever she needs to ask for the time. We may ask ourselves whether it is appropriate to claim that George has knowledge of the time every time he utters it. The answer is NO. Irina has been amused by his Russian utterances and has thus never told him what the words he says mean in English. So if Irina were to ask George what time it was, in English, he would be unable to tell her without looking at a watch or clock. This is due to the fact that when he speaks the time in Russian, his mind is not really referring to the time. The chip implanted in his brain clearly calculates the time on its own, not requiring the use of any of his bodily functions. The only interaction that the chip would have with George is to cause him to utter the appropriate numbers. So, since his brain is not involved in any calculating processes and all he does is utter the time in a foreign language, it is clear that George does not understand what he is saying. Without understand, it is obvious that he cannot form a belief based on what he are sa ying. If the requirement for knowledge is a true belief that is either justified or connected by natural law to a factual truth, then in the absence of a belief, there can be no knowledge. We may also ask ourselves whether Irina knows the time. The answer once again is NO. She believes that she knows the time because whenever she has tapped George on the shoulder, he has given her the correct time.

Chronicle of a death foretold :: English Literature:

Chronicle of a death foretold Chronicle of a death foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a fictitious novel. It was originally written in Spanish but was later translated to English. The story began on the morning of Santiago Nasar’s murder. We are being told the story in first person view by an unnamed narrator who has witness the events that occurred. I think there is a surreal and repetitive tone; I get the feeling that the narrator is investigating the murder because we are told the story years later from an omniscient point of view and all the characters’ thoughts are shared. There were two main themes that I noticed. The main theme was how unpowerful the women are in the story. This is shown when Marquez writes "The brothers were brought up to be men. The girls were brought up to be married.† This excerpt shows the severity of the lives women lead in the reserved Colombian culture of the town. A woman's worthiness as a wife was measured by her beauty in conjunction with her ability to gracefully run all aspects of a household. The idea that the woman in a marriage is expected to suffer is significant-no woman enters marriage expecting to be happiness unless she is fortunate enough to love whichever man decides to court her. In this Spanish culture, unlike Western culture, marriage is not based on love. There is also the importance of cultural traditions like honor. The twin brothers murder Santiago Nasar because he took their sister’s virginity away. Also, I became aware the there in an emphasis on the dream that Santiago had, with the trees and the weather on the day he was murdered. Some recalled that it rained and some said that it was sunny. One technique used in the story as a motif as magic realism. This is the incorporation of fantastic or mythical into realistic fiction. I noticed that Marquez keeps on repeating the murder before it occurred, this helped to build suspense. From the second chapter I understood that the narrator implies that Santiago is innocent for the crime he dies for. But if he is innocent, then who took Angela Vicario’s virginity? The brutality of the social conventions surrounding women becomes clear in this chapter. Because she was not a virgin when she married, not only is Angela abandoned by her husband, but she is beaten by her mother. The double standards of her culture are highlighted by the fact that the narrator, Santiago and some other friends are all at a whorehouse doing whatever they please. This novel reminded me of the difficulty of understanding events.

National Education Essay

National education is a subject that aims to increase the national identity of students and citizens in Hong Kong. There are several steps to help fulfill this subject’s aims. As it is believed to have benefits to the students in studying as well as helping critical thinking. There are some, however, some people see the content of this subject is brain-washing which hinders students to learn the real history of China, so that this subject still remains as the non-core subject in the primary schools or secondary schools. In this essay, both the advantages and disadvantages of national education in Hong Kong will be examined before drawing a conclusion based on the giving evidence. Moral and national education (MNE) is a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong in 2012. Hong Kong government wanted to promote national education in both primary schools and secondary schools. There are several advantages while promoting national education for students. One of the benefits is helping students to increase the national identity. Consultation on Moral and National Education Curriculum (2011) has reported that one of the curriculums aims is to facilitate identity-building through developing affection for the country, this can help increase the national identity to students. Since the promotion of nation to Hong Kong students were not enough in their studying stages in the government thought, therefore the government propose this subject to students as well as the citizens to help them have a more accurate and clear mind of the nation which can help recognize the identity as well as raising students’ recognition and sense of belonging towards their family, society, nation and the world and help them to become responsible family members, citizens and nationals (Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide Primary 1 to Secondary 6 , 2011). As well as increase the national identity, helping students to develop moral qualities and a positive attitude is also the other advantages of promoting national education. In the curriculum of the national education, students could have more time for critical thinking. According to Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide Primary 1 to Secondary 6 (2011)†The curriculum aims cover values and attitudes, knowledge and skills, and focus on:  development of moral qualities, leading a meaning life, growth in knowledge, judging reasonably and being responsible and rational.† This can help students strengthen their moral qualities in preserving Chinese virtues, develop an affection for the country and help students develop positive values and attitudes. What is more, when students having their lesson of this subject, they may learn how to develop a positive and optimistic attitude (Education Bureau of Hong Kong [EBHK], 2002).This can help students having a better manage of their study and help the students to relieve their study pressure. Apart from the above advantages, there are also some disadvantages in promoting national education. According to the curriculum of this subject, some history of China had been cancelled or changed. The â€Å"China Model National Conditions Teaching Manual† which is the model textbook of the National Education was found to be biased towards the Communist of China and the so-called â€Å"China Model† (Oriental Daily, [13 July, 2012]).The teaching manual called the Communist Party an â€Å"advanced, selfless and united ruling group, while denouncing Democratic and Republican Parties of the United States as a â€Å"fierce inter-party rivalry that makes the people suffer†. Mok (2012) points out that the members of Scholar and Civil Alliance against the National Education against the brainwashing national education curriculum before school commences as most of the content were pretended to be brainwashing to both primary and secondary schools students. Parents thought that this may hinder students to learn the truth of their nation and change their minds when they learned. Thus, some of the parents were afraid their children would learn the wrong history and bad manner in this course without gaining any benefits. What is worse, adding one more subject in the core-subjects to the primary and secondary schools students may increase the workload of the students and may increase their study pressures. There are different focuses in this subject for different forms of students. Education Bureau of Hong Kong (EBHK, 2002) mentions the moral and national education covers four Key Stages from P1 to S6 across primary and secondary levels. Each Key Stage comprises five domains including personal, family, social, national and  global, with a view to promote the development of positive values and attitudes as well as identity-building in students. This reveals that students need to learn one more subject in their primary and secondary school lives. This will increase their workload and more study pressure will be released. It is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages in proposing National Education. Proposing National Education can increase the nation identity to students as well as citizens which help them to be responsible national in nations. Furthermore, this can help students to develop moral qualities and a positive attitude. Nevertheless, there are several disadvantages while proposing this subject. The content of this subject has not cover all the truth of China to students and this may brain washing the students and this may increase the workload of the students. Thus, national education still remain the non-core subject in schools. Taking these arguments into consideration, National Education can increase the nation identity to the citizens and help students foster the positive attitude. However, these benefits can only be realized through proper teaching materials, ensuring that the teacher, students and subject are focus on the direct content and not just brainwashing the students. Students today are often have high study pressures they can release their stress when they having appropriate courses in National Education. No matter this subject would be proposed or not, there are both pros and cons to the students. More details of this subject should be consulted and examined by both Hong Kong government and citizens.

Free Essays on Nestle

MARKETING MIX PRODUCT Nestle company is currently the largest food company in the world. Traditionally, Nestle principal products are baby food, where the company currently leads the world baby food category with Wyeth. Nestle top baby food brand is Alete and Beba. For many years it has been quality and consistency that have set Nestle apart from it competitor. Today, Nestle look at opportunity within their current businesses, which are within food industry. Nestle product therefore launched a range of new and innovative product under 10 categories which are baby food, dairy product, breakfast cereal, ice cream, chocolate & confectionery, prepared food, food services, beverages, bottled water and petcare and have looked towards entrance into new market. New product development There are 2 strategies in developing new product. That strategy is by modification of an existing product (renovate) and the development of new ones (innovate). In nestle, there are 2 ways in which new products can be added to the range of product. That is by 1. Externally. Nestle has acquired various brand names including Nestle Pure life company, Calistoga water company, Nestle Purina Petcare company, Nestle Food Service company, and other company. Nestle have launched a new range of bottled water, such as Perrier, Sanpellegrin and Vittel under Nestle Pure Life company. This has made Nestle become the leader in Home and Office Delivery (HOD) in Russia. The mineral water market is a very potential market in the world especially country that weather is hot and has problem in supply of water. This has been proving by the sales of mineral water take 9% of the total sales of Nestle Company. 2. Internally, by developing new products: Nestle company has launched a new range of product such as Nestle UHT milk, Nestle Slim milk, Nescafe Frappe- a blend of coffee powder, vanilla and mocha and Maggi prawn cubes in India. Nestle are able to ... Free Essays on Nestle Free Essays on Nestle MARKETING MIX PRODUCT Nestle company is currently the largest food company in the world. Traditionally, Nestle principal products are baby food, where the company currently leads the world baby food category with Wyeth. Nestle top baby food brand is Alete and Beba. For many years it has been quality and consistency that have set Nestle apart from it competitor. Today, Nestle look at opportunity within their current businesses, which are within food industry. Nestle product therefore launched a range of new and innovative product under 10 categories which are baby food, dairy product, breakfast cereal, ice cream, chocolate & confectionery, prepared food, food services, beverages, bottled water and petcare and have looked towards entrance into new market. New product development There are 2 strategies in developing new product. That strategy is by modification of an existing product (renovate) and the development of new ones (innovate). In nestle, there are 2 ways in which new products can be added to the range of product. That is by 1. Externally. Nestle has acquired various brand names including Nestle Pure life company, Calistoga water company, Nestle Purina Petcare company, Nestle Food Service company, and other company. Nestle have launched a new range of bottled water, such as Perrier, Sanpellegrin and Vittel under Nestle Pure Life company. This has made Nestle become the leader in Home and Office Delivery (HOD) in Russia. The mineral water market is a very potential market in the world especially country that weather is hot and has problem in supply of water. This has been proving by the sales of mineral water take 9% of the total sales of Nestle Company. 2. Internally, by developing new products: Nestle company has launched a new range of product such as Nestle UHT milk, Nestle Slim milk, Nescafe Frappe- a blend of coffee powder, vanilla and mocha and Maggi prawn cubes in India. Nestle are able to ...

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work It always pays to be a nice person. Almost always. Some people who are genuinely (or un-genuinely) â€Å"too nice† are less likely to be taken seriously, and less likely to stand up for themselves or others- even in cases where such action would be just. Perhaps you’ve also heard the phrase â€Å"nice guys finish last.† While that’s not necessarily true, there are certain situations in which you should curb the niceties and just concentrate on effective communication. Here are a few reason to keep in mind.1. Give, Give, Give, and Never GetIf you consistently give more than you’re asked, and take very little in return, rather than be lauded for your generosity, people will start to get accustomed to this being the pattern. You’ll get none of the thanks and you may even come to resent the imbalance.2. Quid Pro QuoIf you up your niceness level too much, you might find yourself expecting a similar level of niceness out of everyone around you. Whe n this fails to materialize, you might grow a little peeved.3. You’ll Be Like an ATMPeople will start coming to you only when they need something, which can be extremely alienating. You’ll feel like a doormat- like you’ve become a tool to help others succeed, while achieving very little for yourself. You may even attract needy people, like a magnet.4. You’ll Project WeaknessYou might be perceived as weak, particularly if you never say no to anyone. If you’re always doing favors and putting others first, people will not only come to take advantage of you, they will also just assume you have no control over what you will and won’t agree to. They might come to mistrust you for this.5. You Won’t Take Care of YourselfSometimes it’s important to say â€Å"no† to others so you can say â€Å"yes† to yourself. Remember self care? Yeah, that’s not just something you make sure others do to reach their ideal fulfillmen t. No one can make sure you’re taken care of but you. And if you aren’t getting your own needs met, you might become needy in return with your friends or family.6. You’ll Seem InauthenticIf you just automatically are generous and nice and kind, then it might not seem like true generosity, niceness, or kindness. Make sure that when you’re being super nice or going above and beyond that you really mean it. Be friendly when it’s deserved. Pick up slack when it’s equitable to do so, not just an expectation.7. You Won’t ContributeConstructive criticism is extremely important, between  both friends and colleagues. If you’re so nice that you’re reluctant to give anything but praise, then chances are you’re letting people down. Focus more on helping the team succeed, rather than on being well-liked- and too nice to give honest feedback.

From trains leaving the station to maidens tied to trainsor, changes in the use of narrative in early America cinema essays

From trains leaving the station to maidens tied to trainsor, changes in the use of narrative in early America cinema essays Although it may be difficult to conceive of in our modern era, as film has taken its place alongside the long-accepted artistic mediums of painting and sculpture as an art form,' during the early era of silent film this was far from the case. At the beginning of the 20th century, film had the status more of a modern technological curiosity or freak show' rather than the status of art. The earliest works of film of the very end of the 19th century encouraged the viewer to simply marvel at the moving picture' before his or her eyes, almost regardless of its content. Quite often these early clips of film had no narrative to speak of. The purpose of such shorts was to simply show the nature (and the limits) of the medium and to capture, however imperfectly, dancers, actors, and other noteworthy individuals of the day in motion, much like a moving newspaper. This changed with the Lumiere Brother's early efforts at cinema. The brothers showed such novelties as a train that caused audiences to scream in 1895. By simply moving the camera, film became more than a simple catalogue of moving life. The images of the film, because of the placement of the camera used by the brothers, were designed to elicit surprise and horror. However, the film's sensational reaction did little to elicit a widespread public belief in the artistic possibilities of the new medium. One of the Lumiere brothers explicitly said that the medium had no future, viewing it as mere trickery holding the possibilities for commercial use. (Lumiere Brothers Films History, 2004) However, gradually film began to take on a narrative, and by extension, a more artistic component similar to plays and novels. As early as 1903, the film "Life of an American Fireman" combined stock footage of actual fires, firemen and fire engines with dramatized scenes that the director Edwin Porter shot in a staged fashion ...

Project Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Project Risk Management - Essay Example Documentation review involves almost every field i.e. a documentation review can be carried out for different services such as legal, environmental, fraud and other investigations. With respect to project management, documentation review provides a comprehensive review for document intensive projects. The review consists of different procedures through which better solutions are designed in order to control expenses and reduce a risk of any given project. The main element of a documentation review is the gathering of information that is used upon before a project is initiated, this in-depth information and analysis helps in minimizing future costs by keeping away from avoidable costs and mitigating the risks that a project may incur. The key criterion of a project is the identification of the costs and the risks associated with any given project. Once these are identified, proper procedure should be taken to avoid the costs and reduce the impact of the risk. Documentation review is usually a function that is outsourced to veteran organizations that are good at providing the service due to their extensive experience. This process involves leads to better understanding of the external environment in which an organization operates or with respect to the project, it identifies and provides quick responses so as to reduce the impact of risk associated with a

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT - 2

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Increased hypothalamus functions causes secretion of follicle stimulating hormone that mark the onset of puberty (Wilkosz et al., 6). FSH stimulates ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogen and adrenal gland to secrete androgens. Sex steroid causes secondary sexual characteristics of puberty. Sperms develop from spermatogonia mature into primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes form after first meiotic division of the primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to spermatids. Both divisions take place in the seminiferous tubules after which spermatids migrate to the sertoli cells (McLafferty et al., 38). Maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa involves leydig cells that produce GnRH, LH (ICSH), DHT, testosterone, ABP, and inhibin that regulate spermatogenesis. The epididymis stores mature sperms. Upon sufficient stimulation, spermatozoa move through vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct , urethra then outside the body. The tubular pathway contracts to propel the ejaculate. Semen consist of secretions form the prostate, seminal and seminal vesicles. The secretions neutralise urine PH and provide nutrition to

CONTROVERSIAL CURRENT PSEUDO-SCIENCES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONTROVERSIAL CURRENT PSEUDO-SCIENCES - Essay Example Ruppetts in 1951 – 1953, in his role as Director of the U.S. Air Forces’ ‘Project Blue Book,’ whose mandate was to investigate reports of UFOs. A UFO may be defined as, Hyneck categorizes UFO experience into nocturnal lights, daylight discs, radar, CE-1: Close Encounters of the First Kind, which include observation at close quarters, CE-2: Close Encounters of the Second Kind, with reported physical evidence, such as ground traces and electromagnetic effects, CE-3: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, in which both objects and occupants are reported and CE-4: Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind, which denotes reported abductions by aliens. (Berliner, UFO Evidence). Whatever may be the status of Ufology itself, it is an undisputed fact that â€Å"UFOs are arguably the most widely reported unexplained mysteries of this or any other century† (Stacy, UFO Evidence). As supported by Gallup polls, Ufology remains the pseudo-science with the largest number of adherents: 70% of Americans profess to believe in UFOs. The believers contend that even if the vast majority of reported sightings of UFOs are subsequently identified or traced to hoaxes or psychological phenomena, there still remains a substantial 25% of sightings which cannot be explained away. Another basis of their argument is that UFO sightings have, by and large, been reported by witnesses usually perceived as reliable: air force and airline pilots. A third contention is that UFO reports all exhibit a certain consistency of character: the objects are symmetrically shaped as spheres, cylinder or discs, all of which do not qualify for optimum aerodynamics in human terms; they travel at incredible speeds which no known aircraft has yet reached; they are luminescent; they emit invisible radioactive energy; they interfere with electrical systems; they emanate odors of ozone or formaldehyde; they are solid, with no obvious aerodynamic features. These supporters discount the commonly held

Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Reserve - Essay Example The prevailing outlook over the next couple of months is definitely bleak, and it seems the only way out of it is for the government to launch a stimulus plan to revive the floundering economy. There have been widespread calls for the government to stop these cuts, as these bargain basement policy rates are highly detrimental to the overall economy. Noted professors from Harvard University and big money management houses are imploring the central bank to stop these cuts, as these merely fuel inflation and help boost the prices of basic commodities. However, not all is lost on the nation's fiscal policy as there remains as lone bright spot. The weaker dollar has contributed greatly to stabilizing the economy and holding the fort while all havoc breaks loose. A much weaker dollar coupled with a growing global market has cushioned and reoriented the country's economy by boosting corporate profits. Excluding oil and other basic commodities, the country's fiscal situation is not as bad as it looks on paper. Even with that given, the fact still remains that it is the skyrocketing prices of commodities such as oil which serve as the primary culprit in this economic rut. Usually, whenever the country is in an extended recession the prices will cooperate and go down accordingly.

Creating a Government Tax on Marijuana Research Paper

Creating a Government Tax on Marijuana - Research Paper Example Its use today is for a combination of medical and religious purposes, but recreational use is no less popular. This is why it would really be beneficial to tax marijuana, as it would bring in a sizeable amount of taxes to the USA and really boost our economy in the present lackluster conditions. Why One Would Support a Government Tax on Marijuana One tends to support a Government Tax on marijuana to legalize its use and make it available to those who want it. There are those who need it for medicinal purposes and it would be cruel to deny them this privilege. For those who are habitual drug users and are addicted to the substance, they would find a way to get it anyway and frequently use criminal avenues to satisfy their needs. By making marijuana legal, the street value would reduce and illegal smuggling would be stopped or greatly reduced. Drug control authorities could then concentrate on rehabilitation rather than on stopping the sources of illegal supply. Drug education is a bet ter way of stopping the menace and should be widely introduced in schools, colleges and universities. By making dealing in commercial quantities a punishable offence this would solve the matter in terms of arresting and incarcerating drug pushers as well. There are two commonly used methods of taxing the citizens of a State or nation. One is by direct taxation in the form of deduction from salaries or other earnings of individuals and corporations. This amount then gets transferred in the accounts and coffers of the IRS. The other is by indirect taxation. In this case, the tax is hidden in the various commodities that we buy and sell that contain marijuana in one form or another. Since there has usually been a huge hue and cry raised over allowing consumption and use of marijuana in the USA for medicinal purposes anyway, the State or Federal Government can allow a minimum threshold of use per month or per year without taxation, and anything above that would be automatically taxed at the decided rates. This would appease the groups of people that use marijuana for medicinal purposes such as in the suppression and control of chronic pain, or for religious and spiritual uses. With the number of people smoking, injecting and inhaling marijuana in its various forms increasing every day, there is a good amount of tax to be earned from it. According to UN estimates, marijuana is the most widely consumed illicit drug in the world. While the Federal Government supports the control and restrictions on marijuana, around 14 States in the USA have allowed the use of marijuana to date. It is worth remembering that was only in the early part of the 20th century that the open and unrestricted use of marijuana was challenged and made illegal. Even so, countries like Spain, Canada, Austria and the Netherlands have legalized a certain amount of marijuana for personal and medicinal use. In fact, there is an argument that production of hemp in large quantities was outlawed because it was a cheap substitute for paper and nylon. It would have ruined the business plans of DuPont, the inventor of nylon and affected the fortunes of William Randolph Hearst, who had invested millions in the wood industry (Wishnia, 3). The Case against Legalization The debate as to whether the use of marijuana should be legalized or not is far from over. Among the reasons opposing legalization of this drug are its known harmful effects. For instance, it has been documented that the use of mariju

Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Reserve - Essay Example The prevailing outlook over the next couple of months is definitely bleak, and it seems the only way out of it is for the government to launch a stimulus plan to revive the floundering economy. There have been widespread calls for the government to stop these cuts, as these bargain basement policy rates are highly detrimental to the overall economy. Noted professors from Harvard University and big money management houses are imploring the central bank to stop these cuts, as these merely fuel inflation and help boost the prices of basic commodities. However, not all is lost on the nation's fiscal policy as there remains as lone bright spot. The weaker dollar has contributed greatly to stabilizing the economy and holding the fort while all havoc breaks loose. A much weaker dollar coupled with a growing global market has cushioned and reoriented the country's economy by boosting corporate profits. Excluding oil and other basic commodities, the country's fiscal situation is not as bad as it looks on paper. Even with that given, the fact still remains that it is the skyrocketing prices of commodities such as oil which serve as the primary culprit in this economic rut. Usually, whenever the country is in an extended recession the prices will cooperate and go down accordingly.

How did the war on drugs affect the African American Community Term Paper

How did the war on drugs affect the African American Community - Term Paper Example Thesis statement: The war on drugs initiated by the US government affect the African American Community because it leads to further problems in the society. The war on drugs The war on drugs is initiated by the US government, aiming to conduct campaigns against production, supply and abuse of harmful drugs. Friman opines that â€Å"Among developed countries, the United States has adopted the strictest national control measures against illicit drugs and has played the most active role in international enforcement† (4). The war on drugs includes providing military support to reduce international level illegal drug trade. The National Prohibition Act of 1920, which prohibited the usage of alcohol, is to be considered as the initial step against the influence of harmful beverages. One can easily identify that this Act led to implementation of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 in USA. The establishment of Drug Enforcement Administration in the year 197 3 was another innovative step taken by the US government against drug abuse. In addition, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 paved the way for the the  National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988, which created the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) under the US government. The ONDCP conducts a number of media campaigns among the youngsters to create awareness against drug abuse. In short, the war on drugs is a continuation of drug policy in the US. How did drugs affect the African American Community? Almost all the racial groups in the US face the problem of drug addiction and related issues. Comparing to other racial groups, the African American Communities face more problem from drugs.... The history of the African American Communities and their growth and development from slavery to freedom, gaining political, social and economic progress did not help much to fight against drugs. Besides, an individual’s gender, age and economic status are considerable factors which lead to drug addiction. From a different angle of view, the socioeconomic status is to be considered as a vital factor which leads an individual towards drug addiction. When this idea is superimposed into the context of drug addiction among the African American Communities, one can easily identify that poverty originating from socioeconomic disparity is the most important factor which leads to drug addiction. The war on drugs resulted in rapid increase of prison population because the law enforcement department became more active and vigilant. Within this context, more African Americans were imprisoned and it resulted in further problems. For instance, the law enforcement agencies targeted the low income communities (say, the African American Communities) in the lower strata of the society. Roberts opines that â€Å" Though whites, given their numerical superiority in the population, make up the majority of drug users, African Americans have been the chief targets by police† (30). The initiative undertaken by the US government reduced the negative influence of harmful drugs among the people but it affected the African American Communities. The grass root level cause of drug abuse or addiction among the African Americans is interconnected with their socio-economic status in the society. For instance, some of the African Americans consider drug abuse as an easy way to escape from the economic problems

Evas death Essay Example for Free

Evas death Essay Also at the beginning of the play, Mr and Mrs. Birling come across as a well-off couple who are very well educated and in the public eye a lot when Mr Birling says to Gerald, I could be in line for a knighthood, providing nothing goes wrong. This means that if a scandal is linked with his family, then the public will turn against him, and therefore he wont be able to get a knighthood. Because of this, the audience wouldnt expect them to behave in the way they did, and when we find out what they did, and the affect they had on Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton, its quite shocking to see that they were both somehow involved in her death. And when we find out the reasons behind what they did, it changes the impression we get of them, and you see that they are quite selfish and take advantage of the power they have and who they inflict it upon. They are both quite wrapped up in their own lives, and anything that would lose them money or cause them grief, they take no notice of and dismiss the idea. Sheila and Eric are Mr and Mrs. Birlings children. At the beginning of the play Sheila comes across as a bit childish and immature and maybe still relies on her mum and dad a lot when she say, yes, go on, mummy. You must drink our health. We get an impression of Sheila as being naive and shallow, but her comment, last summer, when you never came near me, which refers to Gerald, may suggest to us that she isnt as stupid as she may seem. Eric seems a bit more mischievous and much more naive than Sheila, in the way he talks and how he acts. He seems embarrassed and nervous, as soon as he is mentioned in the play, as it says, Eric suddenly guffaws, and then doesnt tell the other characters why he came out with it, which suggests he is nervous about something, which we later find out that it is the money he recently stole from his father, Mr. Birling. hI think Mr and Mrs. Birling are more ashamed of Eric and careful that he doesnt do anything stupid to embarrass the family, but the family seem to get on with each other quite well, although you get the impression that there is some tension between Eric and Mr. Birling, when Gerald, Mr. Birling and Eric are talking about womens love of clothes before the Inspector arrives. Sheila also has a link with Eva, who was employed at Milwards, because Sheila thought Eva, was laughing at her when she tried on a dress that didnt suit her. Eva was prettier than Sheila and the dress suited her more, which made Sheila irritated and envious of Eva, so she was guilty of a deadly sin, which was envy. Erics link with Eva was that he met her in the palace bar one thing lead to another and he got her pregnant, which made him guilty of lust towards Eva. Although Eric doesnt seem very responsible he shows some initiative, as he was concerned enough to give Eva some money, which shows his priority was Evas future and not necessarily the consequences of stealing from Mr. Birlings office. I dont think the audience are too shocked to find out what Eric and Sheila are capable of, because they are young and quite naive, and they dont seem to have much empathy towards other people, maybe because they havent experienced the things Eva has before. Their actions can be linked to their parents as they have a lot of power, so this may be filtered down to them, which they might exploit and take advantage of. By the end of the play Eric and Sheila have changed more than the other characters. Sheila feels extremely guilty for what she has done to Eva and frequently cries and sobs when the Inspector mentions Eva in the infirmary. Eric also feels guilty for what he did to Eva, he says, the girls dead and we all helped to kill her- and thats what matters. I think they have both changed because they are young and impressionable, whereas Mr and Mrs. Birling refuse to take responsibility for Evas death to save their reputation, and they have never been forced to examine their consciences before and they find that they cant do it now, and are relieved when they find out the Inspector wasnt real and want to forget about it and move on. At the start of the play we find out that Gerald is from a family who are socially better than the Birlings. We know this because after Mr.Birling tells Gerald he has the same port as his father gets, Gerald says, The governor prides himself on being a good judge of port. Gerald is also described as an attractive chap about thirty, rather too manly to be a dandy but very much the easy well-bred man-about-town. We also know that he is the son of Lord and Lady Croft, and we are given the impression that they are not to keen on the engagement of Gerald and Sheila as they didnt accept the invitation to the dinner. This makes us wander why Gerald would want to marry a woman of a lower status than him. Gerald was involved with Eva when he met her at the palace bar and let her stay in his friends empty flat in Bromley, as she had nowhere to stay, and he felt sorry for her. Eva, or Daisy Renton as Gerald knew her as, was his mistress for a time until she had to move out because Gerald was away on business. His involvement with Eva was different to the rest of the characters, because he actually tried to help her and did something good. In a way his actions are the most shocking because he is better-off than even the Birlings, so you wouldnt expect him to help out someone like Eva who hangs around in places like the palace bar, and you would have thought he would look down on people like her, and have no sympathy for them. I dont think his actions fit in with the Gerald at the beginning of the play because he tells Sheila the reason why he didnt see her much last summer was because he was busy at work, when he was with Eva at the flat, so we find out he was lying to Sheila, which you wouldnt have thought hed do as he says he wants to be part of the family and they seem to have a lot of respect for each other. Although Gerald seems moved by the news of Evas death, he isnt entirely willing to admit his involvement with her, and this could be because of the same reason as Mr. Birling, that he wants to protect his own interests. At the end of the play he tries to come up with as much evidence as possible to prove that the Inspector isnt real, which could potentially get him off the hook, if he could convince the rest of the characters that they had been hoaxed.

Procurement of Goods and Services Strategies

Procurement of Goods and Services Strategies Introduction Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services. The process covers a whole cycle from the identification of needs through the supply of the product and to the end of the service contact and even the end of the useful life of the asset procured. This chapter explains the background of this research work, the problem discussion and the overview of the structure adopted in this dissertation. Background The speed of technological advancement is so much now that no part of the global world can afford to be left behind especially now that the world has become a global village. Businesses all over the world are hence looking for strategies that will position them and make them have a competitive advantage whatever it takes. Such competitive advantage could be gotten from doing business at a low cost achieving lot of savings or having an effective work system. That is what a good procurement best practice strategy can deliver to any organisation. Many Organizations are now seen trying to focus on making their procurement strategies as efficient and cost effective as possible to ensure they have a competitive edge in their industries. According to source one management services, LLC, (2008) the advent of Best Practice Procurement Processes has suddenly seen a lot of companies realizing substantial cost reductions through: Having a proper understanding of the cost drivers used in determining total cost of ownership. Elimination of all non-value adding process thereby Increasing efficiency across the entire supply chain. Aggregation of demand, supplier rationalization, strategic sourcing, and enhanced supplier relationships resulting in improved cycle time. Electronically enabling the supply chain through the use of paperless e-Procurement tools and e-commerce portals. Reduction of carrying costs, warehousing, movement, obsolescence and shrinkage through the alternative inventory ownership agreements – retained consignment and vendor managed inventory. Problem discussion Different strategies are often used in achieving the best procurement processes in various industries. The need for developing countries especially Nigeria industries not to be left behind in utilizing these opportunity has necessitated this research work. For the purpose of this study, I will consider the extent to which procurement practices in Nigeria has adopted the three key strategies discussed in the work namely the lean supply, the e-procurement and the green supply strategies as it relates to environmental friendly policies adopted by various organisations in Nigeria. Kirk Zylstra (2007 p 10), argued that the main objective of all supply chain executives today is he to ensure that future business forecasts, ever changing customer demand, and other variations across the supply chain do not upset their carefully laid cost-reduction plans. Its however been discovered that the main obstacle to this vision is the ability to model budgets, accurately tie real costs to operations, and develop processes that execute these plans daily. This is where the application of lean principles to supply chain operations can help. According to Len Cooper, Senior Vice president of supply chain Halliburton, confirms that Halliburton is focusing mostly on Lean strategies with suppliers, and less so on Six Sigma because, as Cooper explains, Lean focuses on speed and throughput, which is easier for suppliers to apply and is in fact a goal for our suppliers. He went further to states that ‘’we would rather have our best suppliers grow with us, especially in these times, rather than go out and find more suppliers in order to gain access to additional capacity. We wanted to share our Creativity Over Capital ideas and experiences and benefits with them. In one of the report done by Andrea Ovans of Harvard Business report on E- procurement at Schlumberger Oilfield Services, (the worlds largest oil service company on is using the Web to revolutionize the way it buys equipment and supplies) on What they accomplished by moving to e-procurement?. The brain behind the strategy, Paris-based Alain-Michel Diamant Berger explains that ‘’We replaced a number of different systems some that were paper based, some that were automated with a single desktop system. Thats allowed us to streamline and speed up our entire purchasing operation. He further confirmed that buying supplies and equipment has often been very slow and complicated in the past, with lots and lots of papers and approval processes involved before executing a buy. However employees now act as their own purchasing agents, placing orders directly through their PCs and receiving the goods they need much more quickly. The advantage here is that the e procurement single system adopted by Schlumberger which help to consolidate purchases and gain greater volume discounts from our vendors. According to Derek Parker The ultimate aim is to achieve specific, measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices.’’ Suppliers are often made to understand that sustainable practices improve the long term financial bottom line and in many cases the ‘greening’ of supply chain has a positive interaction with a move towards lean manufacturing, and sustainable processes which are ways of eliminating waste. From the aforementioned strategies adopted by Schlumberger, Halliburton and other organisations described as seen above, it is obvious that there is need to adopt a more aggressive strategy as that adopted by these organisations in order to remain competitive and relevant to their respective industry. The purpose of this research therefore is to evaluate the extent to which these all important strategies have been adopted by organisation in Nigeria, noting the implication and the key hindrance inhibiting these strategies. It is also critical to note that while Sustainable Procurement activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is still relatively low in most developing countries. While I recognise the important role that procurement policies can play to support of sustainable development, this research is aims to contribute to the adoption of sustainable procurement strategy in developing countries especially Nigeria. Overview of the dissertation structure The whole dissertation is divided into six major chapters. This chapter which serves as the introduction gives the background and overview of the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research and finally the research questions then introduced. The second chapter provides the reader the opportunity to have an insight into the literature review on some the topics related to the research. This leads us to the third chapter giving the details of the methodology adopted in the carrying out the research. It explains the purpose, the approach and the strategy adopted for the research. It also shows the synopsis of how I arrived at the method I finally adopted for the research. Chapter four gives the highlight of the background of the companies used for this case study and all data gathered in the course of the research. These data were analysed in chapter five while a final conclusion and implications was drawn in chapter six based on the findings of the data analysis. 2.0 Literature Review With the global economic melt down across the nations, organisations are expected to seek a way out of this challenge, among others, looking for a way to reduce turn around time and cost through their procurement strategies. Competition therefore in today’s global market is not only between different companies but also between supply chains management systems. The evolvement in technological advancement and organizational improvements are important for effective supply chain management; however, the main cause of SCM improvements according to juril et al, (2006) is not the implementation of an information system itself, but rather a change and an integration of business processes. Over the years some changes have taken place in the development of innovative procurement strategies especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, oil and Gas, construction and even service oriented industry. Jim Scotti, (2007) believes Procurement is now evolving into a far more strategic discipline, driven principally by a greater awareness of the financial implications of executing the function well. There are different procurement strategies adopted by organisations in the market place but using the best procurement practices would guaranty the desired success for any organisation. Based on different literatures written by authors the subject of procurement, some of the commonly adopted procurement best practices include: Creating an efficient system that would save time and money. Creating a pre-qualified and broad supplier base which enables all suppliers to be uniformly and objectively evaluated. Creating a comprehensive bid specification with full details before an invitation for bids is sent to the suppliers in the supplier pool.   Creating mutual acceptance of the process whereby every supplier in the pool knows that it can bid low on any supply.   Ensuring full transparency of bids through sending bid results to all suppliers that participated in the bid.   Monitoring every step of the workflow process to ensure clear communications, attention to every detail and a deliverable end product.   Ensuring that work is performed per specifications and on time.   Completing the project with accurate invoicing.   With the advent of Best Practice Procurement processes, a lot of companies have realized substantial cost reductions through understanding the cost drivers that determine the total cost of the supply chain and completely eliminating all non-value adding process in their supply chain line For the purpose of this report three strategies for achieving Procurement best practices will be considered and these include the adoption of the lean supply, e-procurement and adoption of the green supply strategies. While a lot of research has been done on the lean supply and e-procurement and their benefits if properly implemented, not much seems to be mentioned on the green supply principles and need to implement these strategies to achieve procurement best practices while considering the environmental friendly green supply chain management scheme in various organisations and how companies can benefit from this inevitable procurement procedure. Lean Supply Strategy Lean as described by Nigel (2006) is the process of achieving the flow of products and services to meet customers demand in the right quantity, right time, right place at the lowest price with no waste. The key principle focuses on maximizing customer value by producing goods and services with higher quality, fewer defects eliminating various forms of waste or any non-value adding activities through all possible continuous improvement processes. Womark (1996) described the five principles of lean, which includes: identify the value demanded by customer Identify the steps involved in the whole value stream Generate a flow in the value stream Produce only what is pulled by customer Strive for perfection through continuous improvement The adoption of these key principles in procurement activities in order to ensure that the organisation maximises the value of every good or service purchased explains the reason for lean supply or procurement as it applies to this research. R. Stratton (2003) believes Lean supply enables flow and the elimination of wasteful processes within the supply chain. Its focuses on continuous improvement strategies, through the elimination all non-value creating activities, reducing waste and effectively the cost of procurement. According to Lubben, (1998), lean supply aims at improving efficiency, quality and delivery performance of suppliers. It also focuses on removing all non value adding activities so as to reduce the cost of supply of material. For any procurement strategy to succeed the purchasing manager must be able to connect the strategy with the financial implication or performance. W.D. Presutti Jr. (2003) Benefit of adopting lean procurement Organizations within a lean supply chain are able to leverage their own lean journey more easily, delivering better customer value by responding more efficiently, quickly, and predictably to customer needs. That, in turn, facilitates the operation of the lean supply chain, creating a virtuous cycle that ultimately translates to superior financial performance for these organizations. In the article ‘Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base’ (2009), the use of lean six sigma between 2004 and 2008, tripled their output from its manufacturing plants without any meaningful increase in the total capital footprint for those plants. The companys manufacturing cycle times were reduced, increasing their asset utilization out of all their equipment. According to Len Cooper, who is the Senior Vice president of supply chain management in Halliburton states that the lean process alleviated the need for more capital investment to support the type of output growth they experienced with the adoption of lean six sigma. Generally, the adoption of lean supply gives a lot of other benefits which includes achieving a minimal level of defects in supply, frequent deliveries.( Handfield, 1993) He further argued that because there are smaller number of suppliers, this could lead to developing a long term relationship between the buy and supplier which eventually leads reduced products price that would benefit the purchasing organisation. Strategies to adopt a lean supply system Inadequate management of the procurement process adds cost and adversely impacts customer service. In the current competitive environment such inefficiencies can no longer be tolerate. It is therefore necessary for organisations to focus more on their supply chain management system and adapt the concept of strategic lean supply chain management to their internal systems so as to eliminate all non value adding process. Sidney Hill Jr (2008) argued that the lean supply chain system cannot just happen. They emerge from strong working relationships between supply chain partners i.e the purchasing organisations, who are thoroughly committed to continuous improvement processes. Organisations especially the multinational expected to help their train their suppliers to fit into the required standard for supply. This could be organising training for their staff and help setting up some infrastructure that would encourage the lean practice. E-procurement Strategy E-procurement can be seen as a very valuable tool for organisations experiencing difficulties in their supply chain. If properly implemented, e-procurement can be used to connect a link between companies and their business processes with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. It encourages management of correspondence, bids, questions and answers, previous pricing, and multiple emails sent to multiple participants. Defined in different ways by many scholars. Presutti, ( 2002) describes electronic-procurement as the productive use of the internet to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply end of the supply chain. Davila et al. (2002) describes it as any technology designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods over the internet. Most literatures written on e- procurement addressed various issues in their definition. While some such as Brunnelli, (1999), Carabello, 2001 and others limits the definition to acquisition of goods over the internet, Scott and Westbrook (1998); New and Payne, (1995) believes that it should have a broad definition which includes the entire value chain, including materials and supply chain management from the extraction of raw materials to its end of useful life. In most recent times, there has been a change of focus from the strategic view of market to an internal re engineering discovered in supply chain management. This is obvious because e-procurement provides a set of built-in monitoring tools to help control costs, maximum supplier performance and deliver value to the purchasing organisation if adequately maximized. Benefit of e- procurement strategy The use of e-Procurement system help managers make decisions through access to catalogues of many suppliers keeping track of all means of bids while leveraging on knowledge to obtain better pricing. It provides organised, standardized and track able information with the elimination of the use of paper work. Kalakota and Robinson, (2000) explains that the main objective of any company’s e-procurement strategy is to better manage the firm’s operational costs. Basically, the strategy of e-procurement could be seen under two broad umbrella: the effectiveness and the efficiency of use- Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002). Dai and Kauffman, (2000) however argues the benefit in e-procurement in terms of the high returns on investment (ROI) achieved through reduced operating and search cost. A view of benefit of e-procurement adopted by Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002) explains the efficiency and effectiveness of using e-procurement. This includes: a better managed inventory level, cost effectiveness and savings achieved, improved efficiency of the procurement process, reduced maverick spending and better flow of information between buyers and supplier. According to Davila et al (2002), the main reason for the investment on the technology platform used for e-procurement is to achieve cost saving. He confirms that the adoption of e-procurement technologies reported a savings of 42 per cent in purchasing transaction costs. A summary of the various benefits associated with e-procurement as seen in many of the literatures includes but not limited to; Better value for money. Its helps to reduce inventory level and therefore serves as a cost saving measure for the organisation. The managers often know the product, the bid prices and the supplier to contact whenever the product is needed. Completely reduces transaction cost such as requisition, ordering administration and storage cost. E-procurement solution helps firms to interact with a wider supplier base and gives firms the opportunity to reach the unknown but qualified source of suppliers. It also provides the spirit of fair play. There is reduced duplication leading to a more efficient purchasing. It increases the ability to track strategic information and data on procurement including purchasing patterns. E-Procurement systems also allow multiple access levels and permissions help managers organize administrative users by roles, groups, or tasks. Procurement managers do not need to be as highly trained or paid because such systems are standardized and easy to learn. The system also links together the company’s procurement unit/department around the world and allows them share information about their best suppliers According to (Presutti, 2002) , the e-procurement system enables firms to more efficiently and accurately capture and aggregate budget spending in various purchasing product area, allowing the firms to bring what may be significant buying power leverage to market. The online real time of e-procurement technology no doubt provides buyers and sellers with the opportunity to share information in building specification of products which add value to resulting product and build strong relation. The larger the base of participating suppliers, considering the benefits to both sides, the greater will be the business value of e-procurement solution. (Presutti, 2002) In conclusion, every organisation’s goal is to achieve a good return on investment. According to OSD (2001), e-procurement enables the reduction in cost of goods procured and procurement processing time and cost have direct impact on return on investment (ROI). E-procurement risk management As seen from the numerous literatures on e-procurement, the research on the adoption of e-procurement has been made tremendous impact in many organisation, unfortunately not much as done on the risk management of e- procurement, especially within the industries considered in Nigeria. Douglas Hubbard ( 2009) describes ‘Risk management as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events’. Risk management is the finding out the possibility of ‘a wrong’ happening, how it can be avoided, fixed or reduced to the barest minimum whenever it occurs Davila et al (2002), agrees that new e-procurement technologies has become an vital part of supply chain management activities and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive users share their experiences and perceptions of low risk. He went further to argue that the actual benefits and risks of e-procurement technologies and manger’s evolving perceptions about the benefits and risks will determine the speed at which the technology moves from its developmental infancy to the adoption and the maturity stages. E-procurement is no doubt growing in most industry and this is due to the competitiveness in most industry and the ever changing nature of the demands of the customers. Some of the risk identified in different literature includes: External business risk: This happen when there’s no effective communication between the organisation’s e procurement system and the customers and suppliers. External parties such as suppliers need to be able to develop internal systems that facilitate the communication through electronic means (an issue that demands technology investments as well as incentives) connected to the e- procurement system. To achieve a successful e-procurement technology, suppliers must have an electronic access via the Internet and should provide sufficient catalogue choices to satisfy the requirements of their customers-purchasers. Although most suppliers, especially in low margin industries, may be undecided or even unable to meet such demands without guarantees of future revenue streams. And also since some of the business models associated with e-procurement technologies (e.g. auctions, consortia, and exchanges) may be thinking of using suppliers with whom the buyer has not previously transacted business, companies need to develop mechanisms that provide the buyer with assurances that the supplier meets or exceeds recognizable and industry enforced standards relating to supplier quality, service, and delivery capabilities. Reputation risk: This type of risk occurs when there’s a breach of data that can damage an organisation’s reputation. Reputation risk occurs for example, when there is duplication in the information on the system which jeopardizes the reliability of the information Implementing e-procurement strategy requires not only having a successful purchasing process in place but also the ability to integrate all existing infrastructures. Okah et al (2007) Technology risk: As the growth of e-procurement advances, most organisation fears the lack of a widely accepted standard and a clear understanding of which e-procurement technologies best suit the needs of each company. This lack of generally acceptable standard serves as a hindrance to the use of commonly integrated software across all e-procurement activities. This suggest that an acceptable and open standard would be required to fully integrate all facilitates among the various organization using the e-procurement technologies. Without widely accepted standards for coding, technical, and process specifications, the adoption of e-procurement technology will be slow and will fail to the desired benefits. Process risk: Frew (2005, p 397) explains that process risk are risk associated with the security and control of the e-procurement process itself. There is need to provide evidence to non users that this technology will not breach control or security or any privacy issue. Organizations must be confident, for example, that unauthorized actions will not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committing to e-procurement technologies Internal Business risk: According to Davila, et al, (2002) certain risk that are linked with the adoption of e-procurement need to be addressed before these technologies are widely accepted. Although, e-procurement in itself reduces the risk of human factor, maybe due to loss of certain document or misappropriation of data, but there is still a human interface which can also result to a form of risk or error. Okah (2008) describes it as human error risks. In conclusions risk are sometimes unavoidable but adequate measure should be in place to mitigate any kind of such risk whenever it arises and that is the purpose of risk management as it applies to procurement. Davila et al, (2002) also described some risk associated with the integration of technologies with existing information systems, with the business models that these technologies impose on supplier-customer relations and with the security and control mechanisms required to insure their appropriate use. Avery, (2002) however believes that e-procurement are essentially global, many of its limitations come from the geographic, cultural and organizational limitation of the underlying businesses in which they are adopted. Green Sustainable Procurement Strategy There has been increased awareness in our environment as its affects global warming, production of non recyclable packages and some toxic substances. A lot of Organisations have been seen applying the green principle to their organisation activities including the supply chain activities. A Green Sustainable Supply Chain can be defined as the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs through change agents whose by-products can improve or be recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.- Patrick P (2007) According to Seuring, (2004), Green supply chain management, could be referred to as environmental supply chain management or sustainable supply chain management. This includes green purchasing, green manufacturing/materials management, green distribution/marketing and reverse logistics (Sarkis, 2005) The environmental sustainability according to Madu, et al., (2002) has gradually become part of the overall corporation culture and, in turn, has helped to restructure the strategies of corporations With this increasing awareness in environmental sustainability, companies are beginning to streamline their operations and look for means of reducing their excess inventory, determine the optimal right-shoring plan, and reduce fuel expenses and logistics costs while reducing overall carbon emissions. Purchasers are therefore faced with enormous task of focusing on the design and packages of the products supplied by their suppliers The act of purchasing activities that include the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials is therefore paramount to organisation competitive existence in the marketplace- Carter, et al. (1998) Procurement officers are now trained to go for product with less non recyclable bye products or packages. Study has shown that the cost of most goods are in the packaging, thus if the packaging can be reduced, perhaps made to be recycled, the cost of the product will eventually be low. According to Faith-Ell, et al., (2006) the environmental performance of products and services can improve if purchaser express environmental preferences through the so called green procurement Walton, et al., (1998); Zhu and Cote, (2004) confirms that organisations that adopt the green supply chain management system may generate environmental and business performances. Following various legislation by different Government, consumers are beginning to have preference for product or services produced by environmental friendly organisations. Purba, (2002) also confirm that the practise of a green supply chain, can result in an improved environmental performance through the reduction in waste and emissions as well as better environmental commitment while improving competitiveness (better product quality, increase in efficiency, enhancing productivity and cutting cost), resulting to a better economic performance (new marketing opportunities and increasing product price, profit margin, market share and sale volume). This was supported by Derek Parker who confirms that the ultimate aim of green supply is to achieve specific,measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. It is therefore clear based on all the stipulations from the various authors like Walton, et al. (1998), Zhu and Cote (2004) and Purba (2002), as well as other procurement experts, that organizational performance is considered to include environmental and financial performance. The pressure is therefore on all organisations to improve their environmental performances which is a result of the world’s globalization rather than localization (Sarkis and Tamarkin, 2005). Benefits of green supply The benefits of Green supply goes beyond the reduction in waste and emission to the environment but it also benefits the organisation in terms of cost savings. Stevels, (2002) categorised the benefits of green supply into three folds: the financial implication, the company reputation and the societal perception. The financial implication: The green supply chain management practice helps in lowering cost prices for supplier and in turn results to a lower cost for their customers Lower cost of ownership for customer. Better competitive advantage Result to more customers In terms of reputation: Less rejects for supplier Better compliance for societal values. Confirms technological and environment awareness in terms of societal perception: Green supply chain management helps motivation of stakeholder for environment better image for supplier and producer feel good and quality of life for customer Make industry on the right track for society. Green supply chain management helps in lowering the environmental load for environment Duber-Smith, (2005), also highlighted ten reasons why organisations should adopt the green supply strategy: target marketing, sustainability of resources, lowered costs/increased efficiency, product differentiation and competitive advantage, competitive and supply chain pressures, adapting to regulation and reducing risk, brand reputation, return on investment, employee morale, and the ethical imperative. Supplier Evaluation/Selection The responsibilities of buyers or purchasing Managers has changes significantly especially in this competitive environment from purchasing products and service to meet customers needs. It has become necessary for purchasers to provide quality products, delivered just in time by working with adequate numbers of suppliers. Suppliers therefore play a key p

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Pride and Prejudice is a story about two married couples who do not respect each other. Mrs. Bennet business is to get her five daughter's to marry the most richest man in England. She is willing to take on any obstacles that get in her way. Mr. Bennet is a very outspoken and sardonic person. If there is anything he dislikes about mrs. Bennet or about what she is doing, he let her know. He love to criticize his wife. "I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party." I chose this quote because it shows how Mr. Bennet criticize his wife. Mr bennet plays around with Miss Bennet not like a husband should. "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr.Bennet replied that he had not, which he has. Mrs. Bennet is a greedy and arrogant woman. Her business is to get all her daughter to marry the most richest man in England, and she is willing to take on any obstancles that stand in her way. "Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!". This quote shows how she believes in marrying for money instead of love. The percipient woman would rather her daughter's to die than not marrying. Quoted: Had she found Jane in any apparent danger, Mrs. Bennet would have been very miserable; but being satisfied on seeing her that her illness was not alarming she had no wish of her recovering immediately, probably remove her from Netherfield. I picked this quot because it shows she is a bad mother, because a mother should care about her daughter. The woman is malcontent until all her daughter's is married. Mr. Bennet and his wife do not talk to each other with respect. Mr. Bennet favor Elizabeth and Mrs. Bennet likes Jane and Lizzy the most. "Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half handsome as Janes, nor half so good humoured as Lydia". But you are always giving her the preference.

Willa Cathers Sexual Preference :: Biography Biographies Essays

Willa Cather's Sexual Preference      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A highly discussed subject about Willa Cather is whether or not she was a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lesbian. There are arguments for every side of the topic, but given the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   amount of information we have, its clarity, and the vagueness of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   period itself, all of it can be used for every side.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One aspect that people questioning Cather's sexual preference concerns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   gender identity greatly. This gender labeling system that everyone is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   familiar with is very simple and logically sound, but not true to all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   points of nature. It creates stereotypes, and stereotypes by definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   are attributes to certain things thought to encompass all that share its   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   label. The common idea that is bred into everyone's minds during childhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is that girls act girly and boys act like boys. Girls that play with dolls   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and have tea parties are girls, and when they grow up they will like boys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boys that play with trucks and army stuff are boys, and when they grow up   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they will like girls. But, if girls play with trucks, they will grow up to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   be boys and like girls, and boys that play with dolls will grow up to be   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   girls and like boys. This image generates the idea that these children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will grow up trying to be something they're not.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This mainstream way of thinking has flowed into gender roles, including   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   roles of the lesbian community. According to these unknown rule makers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     that happen to be everywhere like Big Brother, there are butches and there   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   are femmes. Butches are not attracted to other butches, and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, butches take the male role and femmes take the female role,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reproducing a heterosexual couple. Because of his dominant ideology, women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   who identify as both or neither are ridiculed and scorned by their own   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   community. Those that are both are seen as freaks of nature. The set   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   structure says you must be one or the other.

Fast Foods Essay

  Obesity among kids in the United States is on the rise. Many studies have shown the correlation between obesity and the fast food. The statistics show that in the United States almost six out of every ten people eat fast foods. The habit of eating fast foods is not a recent development. History has it that the practices could date as early as 512BC (think quest). During this period, some Egyptian restaurants offered a single dish of wild fowl, cereal, and onions. Ever since that, time restaurants have completely and progressively changed. Today there are thousands of restaurants all over the world. Most the fast foods sold always have some characteristics in common, in whichever part of the world the restaurant is located. It has been established that in most adults eat more fast foods because of the increasing working hours and not finding time for home cooked meal (Morgan, 2004). The other reason is that there are so many tasty choices for one to choose from. Furthermore, it does not take long to get the fast foods when one is in a hurry. Making it quite convenient for students and kids. Many American kids love fast foods like the specially created â€Å"combo† meals that are sold by the many restaurants specifically for them. The meals are always colorfully boxed and sometimes toys included for attracting the kids. Many kids seem to love the idea of going out with their friend and parents because they know that in process they get to buy the foods and snacks. Children would nag and insist on going out and have various kinds of of fast foods rather than having the homemade food. This is not surprising for they are easily lured by the attractive advertisement of fast foods oblivious of the dangers associated with them (Buzzle articles). The nutrition content of most fast foods is a worrying thing. Most of them have proven to be very unhealthy for kids and results in the increasing incidences of obesity among the them. These foods are sold cheaply something that consistently tempts the consumers to them.   It is a known fact that most of the fast foods are usually high in fat, cholesterol and sodium. Eating of these fast foods over along period of time lead to many health problems like the high blood pressure , heart diseases and obesity. Research data Various researches have been done to determine the extent to which fast foods are contributing to obesity not only in children but also in the entire human community. For example, a study by the USDA’s agricultural research service on some 90000US citizens established that over a quarter of adults in age group above 20 years eat fast foods daily. These foods are highly sugary; contain fats, carbohydrates and too many proteins (food navigator, 2004). Furthermore, research by a team lead by Mendoza aimed specifically at the content of the kid’s fast food. They targeted the meals served at some ten well-known regional restaurants situated in Houston. In their studies, the team found that only three percent of the food offered at these eating-places met the seven key standards set by the national school lunch program for meals intended for children in the kindergarten and through third grade. The meals which were referred to as the â€Å"best choice† were only made up of deli-style sandwich,-turkey, ham, roast beef or tuna-combined with a fruit, such as apple slices or raisins (ARS, 2009). Other meals include plain hamburger, fruit s, and low fat milk as well as a beverage. The meals that failed to meet the school lunch guidelines had more than 65 percent of fat. Furthermore, 75 per cent of the meals had too, little calcium, 82 percent had too little iron and 85 percent too little vitamin. Also according to Mendoza, the energy density of the fast foods not meeting the school lunch standards was 2.3 calories per gram compared to only 1.5 calories recommended by the standards. These findings though obtained from Houston alone qualify well to represent the reality nationally. According to the researchers, Houston is the fourth largest city in the United States. In addition, 10 of the restaurants there are among the 13 of the nation’s regional national fast food chains, which sell kid’s fast food (ARS, 2009). Most of these researches were spurred by the increasing levels in the number of obesity case among children. In fact, it has been established that more than 16 percent of children in the United States were overweight. In addition, there was a doubling in the estimated incidences of overweight among children and triple in the rate among adolescents. There was also the concern of by the pediatricians and other health care professionals that found the child obesity trend quite alarming and its potential death consequences. These findings related to the number of meals eaten away from homes. The rate of meals eaten away from home has grown from 20 percent in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1970s to more than 30 percent presently. In a Further survey by the department of agriculture food surveys of Americans, 25 percent of us children aged between four and eight would on a typical day take fast food (ARS, 2009) The effects The main consequence of this fast food has been the increase in the number of overweight children. These yummy tasty and low costs happy foods are the attributes. One big challenge associated with this fast food is that it is becoming socially accepted (Milos, 2010). Many purple would decide to overcome guilt by giving themselves a treat by going to consume these food. There are commercials all over urging people to get latest desserts and other food. This has made it look superficially right but that is not the case.   The various ingredients of these foods have distinct health effects. Some people argue that we are in an era of junk food. The children have been driven away from the green leafy vegetable and only relish these fast foods. The effects that come out are irreversibly harmful. The excess sugar in these fast foods and the sodas laed to diabetes in the children’s body. They may develop the type 2 diabetes that is more prominent with the grand parents and parents (my child health   Ã‚  Ã‚  ). In this case, the body fails to produce adequate insulin that controls the sugar levels and the body metabolism. In addition, the fats and saturated fats lead to high levels of cholesterol in the blood. The cholesterol is associated with many heart complications. Such heart problems can lead to increase in major heart diseases. Furthermore, the fats can ale to a condition known as dyslipidemia, which occurs when the LDL levels and triglycerides are abnormally high (Buzzle). These can put the children in a very precarious situation of coronary heart diseases. Some of these fast foods contain excess sodium that is a big contributor of high blood pressure. Increase in the blood pressure can lead to rupture and cracks in the blood vessel walls. The human body uses lipoproteins in repair of these walls converting it into substance that contains cholesterols hence lead to increase in the cholesterol levels ( Eric, 2005). As children, indulge more and more in this fast food, their bodies become deficient of vitamins and iron. This is because most of these foods do not contain such nutrients. They therefore become anemic. This makes them lethargic and get tired so easily. This is because their diets always almost become completely deficient of green vegetables and fresh fruits causing great deficiency of both macro and micro nutrient supplements in their bodies (my child health). The result of this is reduced immunity making the children to become highly susceptible to various diseases and ailments. The body also becomes deficient of calcium that makes their teeth to be very weak, nails and bones brittle. The various preservatives used in these foods may also be carcinogenic. Remedy to fast foods problems It is important to note that there is no such a thing as bad food. Any food can fit into a healthy meal plan. The fast food chains should therefore revamp their menus to respond to the customer’s comments. These has been observed in some restaurants for   example there are those that do not serve food with trans fat, but instead have more fruits and vegetables . According to the CYWH Staff, the following tips can be helpful in setting up a healthy diet. It is advisable to choose boiled foods over fried ones likes the grilled chicken sandwich instead of fried chicken or chicken nuggets. Secondly, one should     choose soups hat are not cream based. This means that if the names of these soups include something like â€Å"creamy tomato soup† or any of that kind, then they should be avoided. The foods should have low –fat salad instead of full–fat salad kind. One should choose low fat milk, or diet sodas instead of regular sodas, fruits drinks, milkshakes, or whole milk.   If you can access fruits and vegetables, they should be added to the meal. For example, have lettuce and tomato on sandwiches or burgers. When one orders for foods like pizza its good to add veggies instead of meat , as well as getting thin crust instead of deep fish. Conclusion Since many researches have clearly established that restaurants selling fast foods have great contribution into the effects of these foods like the obesity, there should be a regulation into their activities. A study by the NBER established that the proximity of these restaurants s to work places and learning institutions have had a big impact into these. For example for pregnant women, having such a restaurant within 0.10 miles increases the probability of gaining 20 kilos during their pregnancy( NBER). As for children, having the restaurants within proximity of 0.25 to 0.50 miles had the same implications. It follows that such restaurants should be away from children. Policies should be laid in place to restrict the availability of fast food in residential areas and schools. References Eric S, Fast Food Nation, Harper Perennial, (2005). Morgan S, (2004), Super Size Me, Movie Reviews Agricultural research service, kid’s fat food and obesity. Accessed on August 2, 2010   Ã‚   from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/oct09/kids1009.htm Buzzle, Fast Foods and the Child Obesity. Accessed on August 2, 2010 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.buzzle.com/articles/fast-food-and-child-obesity.html Milos P. (2010), Are fast food and obesity, accessed on august from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://ezinearticles.com/?Are-Fast-Food-and-Obesity-Related?&id=357337 Think quest, Welcome to the Real Truth about Fast Foods and Nutrition, Accessed On  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   August 2, 2010 from http://library.thinkquest.org/4485/ My child health, Effects of Fast foods on children, Accessed on August 3, 2010 from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.mychildhealth.net/effects-of-fast-food-on-children.html NBER, the national bureau of economic research, Accessed on August 3, 2010 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nber.org/aginghealth/2009no1/w14721.html